IP Subnetting demystified

Something about Gs in telecommunication world...

0G: phones, standing for the 1st generation of mobile phones, were satellite phones developed for boats mainly – but anyone could get one in one’s car in the beginning of the 90s for several thousand dollars. Networks such as Iridium, Global Star and Eutelsat were truly worldwide (although for physical reasons, think of a satellite as a fixed point above the equator, some Northern parts of Scandinavia aren’t reachable), and everybody thought at that time that satellite phones would become mainstream products as soon as devices got smaller and cheaper. This vision proved wrong when the GSM concretely came to life in 1990/1991 in Finland.

1G: Firstly, there were analog GSM systems, that existed for a few years. And then came the digital systems.

2G: the second generation of mobile telecommunications still is the most widespread technology in the world; you’ve basically all heard of the GSM norm (GSM stands for Groupe Spécial Mobile in French, renamed in Global System for Mobility). The GSM operates in the 850Mhz. and 1900Mhz. bands in the US, & 900Mhz. and 1.8Mhz. bands in the rest of the world (eg did you know Bluetooth stands in the 2.4Ghz. area, just like your…microwave!? But that’s another story, not related to this article) and delivers data at the slow rate of 9.6 Kbytes/sec.

2.5G: For that last reason (9.6 Kbytes/sec doesn’t allow you to browse the Net or up/download an image), telco operators came up with the GPRS (remember all the hype around the Wap) which could enable much faster communications (115Kbytes.sec). But the market decided it was still not enough compared to what they had at home.

2.75G: EDGE (I just called it 2.75G, 2.5′s not the official or unofficial number at all), which is a pretty recent standard, allows for downloading faster. Since mobile devices have become both a TV and a ‘walkman’ or music player, people needed to be able to watch streaming video and download mp3 files faster – that’s precisely what EDGE allows for and that’s for the good news. The bad news is that if EDGE rocks at downloading, it’s protocol is asymmetrical hence making EDGE suck at uploading ie broadcasting videos of yours for instance. Still an interesting achievement thanks to which data packets can effectively reach 180kbytes/sec. EDGE is now widely being used.

3G: also called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Standard). Aimed at enabling long expected videoconferencing, although nobody seems to actually use it (do you know any?). Its other name is 3GSM, which says literally that UMTS is 3 times better than GSM. One issue though: depending on the deployment level of the area you are in and your device, your phone will (have to be) handle(d) from the GSM network to the UMTS network, and conversely – making billing more complex to understand for the consumers. One of the major positive points of UMTS is its global roaming capabilities (roaming is the process that allows you, at a cost, to borrow bandwidth from a telco provider that’s not yours; you usually use roaming when calling from abroad).

3.5G or 3G+: HSDPA is theoretically 6 times faster than UMTS (up to 3.6 Mbytes/sec)! Practically speaking, this would mean downloading an mp3 file would take about 30 secs instead of something like 2 minutes. Not bad, uh?

4G: still a research lab standard, at least to my knowledge, that should combine the best of cellphone network technologies with WiMax, wireless Internet, voice over IP and IPv6 (a post about the latter soon). Data rates are expected to reach 100 Mbytes/sec.

WHY LTE-Long Term evolution, a technological hot topic?

LTE is popularly called a 4G technology. It is an all-IP technology based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which is more spectrally efficient — meaning it can deliver more bits per Hertz. LTE will be the technology of choice for most existing Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3GPP2mobile operators. It will provide economy of scale and spectrum reuse. LTE also offers smooth integration and handover to and from existing 3GPP and 3GPP2 networks, supporting full mobility and global roaming, and ensuring that operators can deploy LTE in a gradual manner by leveraging their existing legacy networks for service continuity. LTE also brings subscribers a “true” mobile broadband (~5–10 Mb/s/~15 ms latency) that enables a quality video experience and media mobility. The LTE standard has been defined with as much flexibility as possible so that operators can deploy it in all current existing frequencies as well as new spectrum. Operators can deploy the technology in as little as 1.4 MHz or as much as 20MHz of spectrum and grow the network as demand for data services grows . LTE will also appear in a number of different spectrum bands around the world, including the new 2.6 GHz band, which is perfect as a capacity band since operators are able to secure up to 2 ×20 MHz of virgin spectrum. LTE can also be deployed in reformed GSM bands in 900 MHz and 1800 MHz and digital dividend spectrum (e.g., 700 MHz in the United States), providing superior coverage and global roaming in the rest of the 3GPP market.
With improvements in capacity, speed, and latency, LTE will not only make accessing applications faster, but will enable a wealth of new applications previously available only on a wired Internet connection. The wall between wired and wireless will come down. And moving from one environment to another with your content moving seamlessly will become second nature:
•Continuing to watch the latest TV series recorded on your DVR, automatically transferred to the 4G network as you walk out the door
•Uploading content onto your social networking profile to let your friends know what you are up to
•The PowerPoint file you just saved on your laptop instantaneously becoming available on your Smartphone
•Or even your LTE-enabled digital camera uploading your latest picture onto your home server or social networking site for your family to see.

Something Interesting about Warren Buffet

1. He bought his first share at age 11 and he now regrets that he started too late!
2. He bought a small farm at age 14 with savings from delivering newspapers.
3. He still lives in the same small 3-bedroom house in mid-town Omaha,
which he bought after he got married 50 years ago. He says that he has
everything he needs in that house. His house does not have a wall or a fence.
4. He drives his own car everywhere and does not have a driver or security people around him.
5. He never travels by private jet, although he owns the world's largest private jet company.
6. His company, Berkshire Hathaway, owns 63 companies.
He writes only one letter each year to the CEOs of these companies, giving them goals
for the year. He never holds meetings or calls them on a regular basis.
He has given his CEO's only two rules. Rule number 1: do not lose any
of your share holder's money. Rule number 2: Do not forget rule number 1.
7. He does not socialize with the high society crowd. His past time
after he gets home is to make himself some pop corn and watch Television.
8. Bill Gates, the world's richest man met him for the first time only
5 years ago. Bill Gates did not think he had anything in common with
Warren Buffet. So he had scheduled his meeting only for half hour. But
when Gates met him, the meeting lasted for ten hours and Bill Gates
became a devotee of Warren Buffet.
9. Warren Buffet does not carry a cell phone, nor has a computer on his desk.


His advice to young people: "Stay away from credit cards and invest in yourself and
Remember:
A. Money doesn't create man but it is the man who created money.
B. Live your life as simple as you are.
C. Don't do what others say, just listen them, but do what you feel good.
D. Don't go on brand name; just wear those things in which u feel comfortable.
E. Don't waste your money on unnecessary things; just spend on them who really in need rather.
F. After all it's your life then why gives chance to others to rule our life."

Amazing facts that we must know..

Famous Quotes on India (by non-Indians)

• Albert Einstein said: We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.


• Mark Twain said: India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only.


• French scholar Romain Rolland said: If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India.


• Hu Shih, former Ambassador of China to USA said: India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.

1. India is the world's largest, oldest, continuous civilization.


2. India never invaded any country in her last 10000 years of history.


3. India is the world's largest democracy.


4. Varanasi, also known as Benares, was called "the ancient city" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C.E, and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.


5. India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.


6. The World's first university was established in Takshashila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.


7. Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software - a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.


8. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization.


9. Although modern images of India often show poverty and lack of development, India was the richest countryon earth until the time of British invasion in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India's wealth.


10. The art of Navigation was bornin the river Sindhu 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.


11. Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.


12. The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians.


13. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10**53(10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BCE during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 10**12(10 to the power of 12).


14. IEEE has proved what has been a century old suspicion in the world scientific community that the pioneer of wireless communication was Prof. Jagdish Bose and not Marconi.


15. The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.


16. According to Saka King Rudradaman I of 150 CE a beautiful lake called Sudarshana was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya's time.


17. Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India.


18. Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipment were used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.


19. When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).


20. The four religions born in India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world's population.


21. The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.


22. India is one of the few countries in the World, which gained independence without violence.


23. India has the second largest pool of Scientists and Engineers in the World.


24. India is the largest English speaking nation in the world.


25. India is the only country other than US and Japan, to have built a super computer indigenously.

Rocket and Missile: very indigenous technology

"Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, Tippu Sultan, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British." -Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). rocket and missile.

Feel proud to be Indian.Here are some facts for India..

India is a rich country when it comes to its achievements and other traits such has trade and technoslogy, here I have collected some facts about India, in terms of Industries, Trade and Technology  –

1. India has the largest movie industry in the world, terms of ticket sales and number of films produced.


2. Bharat Forge has the world’s largest single-location forging facility; its clients include Honda, Toyota and Volvo amongst others.


3. India is the 2nd largest tractor manufacturer (TAFE) in the world.


4. Tata Nano is the cheapest car in the world at USD 2200.


5. India is being recognized as potential emerging auto market.


6. Foreign players are adding to their investments in Indian auto industry.


7. Within two-wheelers, motorcycles contribute 80% of the segment size.


8. Unlike the USA, the Indian passenger vehicle market is dominated by cars (79%).


9. Tata Motors dominates over 60% of the Indian commercial vehicle market.


10. 2/3rd of auto component production is consumed directly by OEMs.


11. India is the largest three-wheeler market in the world.


12. India is the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in the world.


13. India is the second largest tractor manufacturer in the world.


14. India is the fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world.


15. The number one global motorcycle manufacturer is in India.


16. India is the fourth largest car market in Asia – recently crossed the 1 million mark. (Via Indian Automobiles)


17. Aston Martin contracted prototyping its latest luxury sports car, AM V8 Vantage, to an Indian-based designer and is set to produce the cheapest Aston Martin ever.


18. Suzuki, which makes Maruti in India has decided to make India its manufacturing, export and research hub outside Japan.


19. Hyundai India is set to become the global small car hub for the Korean giant and will produce 25k Santros to start with.


20. 80 of the World’s 117 SEI CMM Level-5 companies are based in India.


21. 5 Indian companies recently received the globally acclaimed Deming prize.  This prize is given to an organization for rigorous total quality management (TQM) practices.


22. World-renowned TQM expert Yasutoshi Washio predicts that Indian manufacturing quality will overtake that of Japan in 2013.


23. Flextronics, the $14 billion global major in Electronic Manufacturing Services, has announced that it will make India a global competence centre for telecom software development.


24. India is one of the world’s largest diamond cutting and polishing centers, its exports were worth $6 Billion in 1999.


25. About 9 out of 10 diamond stones sold anywhere in the world, pass through India.


26. Garment exports are expected to increase from the current level of $6 billion to $25 billion by 2010.


27. Ranbaxy, the largest Indian pharmaceutical company, gets 70% of its $1 billion revenue from overseas operations and 40% from USA. (Via THE SANGAM FOUNDATION)


28. India is among six countries that launch satellites and do so even for Germany, Belgium, South Korea, Singapore and EU countries.


29. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) is among the top three universities from which McKinsey & Company, the world’s biggest consulting firm, hires most Indians abroad.

                                                         I have planned to collect more and more facts about India, and will be posting more facts very soon.